By now, media literacy is a concept that cannot be ignored in modern discourse. According to scholars, educators, students and many others being media literate is important and necessary in modern society. Many scholars have written about media literacy, however, there seems to be no clear consensus among them what media literacy should entail. Therefore, the first aim of this thesis is to formulate a definition of media literacy by examining the meaning of media literacy with a philosophical conceptual analysis and refine it with focus groups held on universities. The second aim of the thesis is to examine the implications of the definition for its measurement. By doing so, this study aims to answer the research question: what is the meaning of media literacy and what are implications for its measurement?
For many parents, climate change is not only a personal concern but also evokes worries about their children’s future. This study explores how Dutch parents with a child between the ages of 12 and 18 who experience some degree of climate anxiety navigate raising their children. Through 20 semi-structured interviews, I identified eight themes related to everyday parental experiences, coping behaviors, and needs. Parents described demonstrating pro-environmental behavior, promoting climate responsibility in their children, and experiencing inner and interpersonal conflicts. Coping strategies ranged from individual reflections and activism to disengagement. Parental needs included more information on climate change and broader societal action. Two additional findings showed that climate views were tied to parental identity and the ability to worry about climate change was sometimes seen as a privilege tied to socioeconomic security. This study illustrates the everyday experiences of Dutch climate-anxious parents and provides a basis for future theoretical development on climate anxiety in the family context.
Since China’s 1979 economic reform, rapid urbanization has driven rural labourers to urban areas in search of employment. Policies introduced since 2000 have encouraged more migrant parents to bring their children, resulting in a growing population of "migrant children" in urban schools. Despite the easing of institutional barriers, these children continue to face educational challenges, impacting their academic performance and social integration. This study adopts a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of migrant children in education, drawing on 16 in-depth interviews with migrant parents of children aged 12 to 15 and teachers from a public school in Xi’an, a city in Northwestern China. Findings indicate that all migrant children interviewed experience academic struggles to varying degrees. Families with better financial resources and higher educational levels are more willing and able to invest in their children’s education. Notably, none of the parents reported experiencing discrimination based on migrant status, which may reflect the school’s strong emphasis on academic achievement over rural background. Migrant children were found to rely more on peers and the internet for academic support, with limited assistance from teachers or parents. These findings shed light on the complex intersection of socioeconomic status, parental involvement, and institutional priorities in shaping migrant children's school experiences. They highlight the need for targeted policy measures to support migrant students more equitably, with implications that may extend to international contexts facing similar internal migration dynamics.
Baby massage has gained increasing attention as a nurturing practice that may support early developmental and relational outcomes. This study examines the potential impact of baby massage on parent-child interaction, with a particular focus on the moderating effects of intervention duration and parental factors. A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases to identify empirical studies examining the effects of baby massage on parental sensitivity, emotional bonding, attachment and overall interaction between the baby and the parent. Both randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies were included in the review. In total, eight studies were screened and analysed. A three-level meta-analytical model was fitted to account for dependencies among effect sizes and variability across studies. The findings explore how such interactions might influence both parents' and infants’ overall developmental outcomes. Future directions highlight the importance of considering baby massage as a promising intervention strategy to strengthen and support the parent-child relationship.
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